Why you’re more likely to make an immoral decision when speaking a foreign language Reuters/Navesh Chitrakar Language changes vividness of mental images, which influence decisions. Your pursuit of profits requires you to forgo ethical short cuts and compete fairly. Some decisions you make will only affect you, while others will affect your employees or customers. High quality translation of all kinds of documents. The most obvious way language can have a direct effect on a society is the extent to which certain language can restrict or permit knowledge for certain populations. Legal and regulatory requirements set the minimum standard for behavior. In a study mentioned in the Wall Street Journal, Caitlin Fausey at Stanford met with with English, Spanish, and Japanese speakers to show them videos of people popping balloons and spilling drinks intentionally or by accident. Ethical decision making. Affiliation 1 Division of Nursing, New York University, New York, USA. Life isn’t quite like that, so think of these as guidelines to breach only when you consider it to be absolutely necessary. There are cases when making an unethical decision might be easier, but the true character of a leader is tested when they are confronted with such a decision. While I say “rule” this relates to the perfect performance. Experiments with foreign-language decision-making found that framing effects don’t work the same way when we use a different language to frame a situation: The Chicago researchers randomly assigned bilinguals to read and respond to decision-making scenarios using either their native or foreign language. Discover how we helped clients obtain exceptional results. Achieve Your Ambitions: 7 Step Guide with Example Personal Development Plan. Expert knowledge at your disposal in over 200 languages. The philosopher Jurgen Habermas has argued that language has the in built function of convincing others of our arguments and the authenticity of what we claim. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! Post navigation. People who say they'd make the utilitarian decision to throw the switch often balk at the footbridge. Editor(s): Davis, Charlotte BSN, RN, CCRN ... Family members should refrain from making decisions for the patient or inflicting undue pressure to alter his or her decisions unless the patient is incapacitated or found to be legally incompetent. Having a method for ethical decision making is absolutely essential. 1997 Mar;9(1):63-74. The field of ethics uses specific terms to designate subfields, values, and areas of inquiry, i.e., “good” (what we should want) versus “right (what we should do).” Professor David Schmidtz sees ethics as a concrete system with rules to learn, in ways similar to mathematics. By saying that language influences the way we think, it should be understood that this does not mean that it absolutely determines the way we think 100% of the time. Here, people were more willing to deliberately kill one person to save five. For most leaders, making ethical decisions tends to be the goal. In my opinion, it is important to introduce diversity in decision-making. Regardless of how big or small are the effects of your choices, it’s important to consider all the factors affecting decision making … The role played by personal values in decision making within an organization is less clear. In a 2001 study, mental health researchers David L. Penn and Amy Nowlin-Drummond found that simple vocabulary would seem to have an effect on even the most severe forms of illness. Home; Management Tips Newsletter; Management Articles. According to the researchers, EurekAlert says, speaking a foreign language reduces emotional response, which results in a psychological distance from emotional concerns when making moral decisions. To discuss personal values and decision making, we need to be clear about what we mean. Nonrational decision-making is common, especially with nonprogrammed decisions. Decision making amid uncertainty is not easy. “The Influence of Native Versus Foreign Language on Chinese Subjects’ Aggressive Financial Reporting Judgments.” While cognitive scientists have found some evidence that language shapes thought processes, it’s difficult to tell to what extent language changes our culture and ethics, or whether it’s culture affecting language. As managers, we must understand and develop our personal value structures that affect our decision making. We will discuss benchmark levels of ethical and professional conduct for investment committees and external investment managers, and give attendees an opportunity to apply an ethical decision-making framework. Contact us now for an accurate quote within 1 hour: Give us a call for a free accurate quote within 1 hour on, Translation House, 2 Bridewell Place, London, EC4V 6AP, © Kwintessential Ltd 2020 | All Rights Reserved | Registered in England and Wales No: 05065250. This one actually makes a lot of sense, but it surprised me at first. Recently, EurekAlert informed its readers about a very interesting study conducted by psychologists from the University of Chicago and the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona. We believe these five principles of decision making can help leaders make smart decisions quickly to guide their organizations through this crisis. Having a method for ethical decision making is absolutely essential. By … a classroom, and take extra effort. How Language Affects Decision-Making. Ethical behavior in the workplace is behavior that is accepted as morally "right," rather than "wrong." The housekeeping field employs a diverse work force, and managers must develop and empower workers to attain organization goals. When making ethical decisions, no one stands outside a social and cultural world. Boaz Keysar, Professor of Psychology at University of Chicago, believes the outcome of the study has significant consequences. PsyContent: Politically Correct Labels and Schizophrenia, Cambridge University Press; Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village; Don Kulick, Charles J. Sykes: Dumbing Down Our Kids: Why American Children Feel Good About Themselves But Can't Read, Write, or Add. The team evaluated data from 725 participants, including 397 native speakers of Spanish with English as a foreign language, and 328 native speakers of English with Spanish as a foreign language. Professional Document Translation Services, Multilingual DTP and Typesetting Services, Foreign Language & Multilingual Copywriting. EurekAlert says this meant participants had to choose between actively sacrificing one person to save five others, or remain inactive and see five people die. Some researchers believe that our native languages are closely tied to our emotions. How culture affects ethical decision making Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. After ethical intensity, a thoughtful manager will consider the principles that might apply to an issue. Understand that inaction is an option. A diverse and inclusive workforce represents an enormous opportunity to improve decisions and thus business performance. Anthropologists have long theorized about the influence of culture on decision making (Stewart, 1985). The role played by personal values in decision making within an organization is less clear. One way of interpreting public sector ethics from a theoretical perspective is to view a workers behavior as a function of their psychological field. Ethical decision making is influenced by a variety of cognitive processes and individual differences. Ensure pitches include the drawbacks as well as the benefits. Ethical decision-making in eastern religions Traditions, such as Confucianism , animism , Hinduism , Buddhism , and Taoism , have had a similar impact on their cultures. The researches came to this conclusion after two experiments. In principle, this gives more people the ability to understand more content. 7 Team Work and Motivation Tips . The language of presentation did not affect participants’ decisions in this dilemma; with either language, the vast majority of people prefer the utilitarian option in this less emotional scenario. UChicago doctoral student in psychology Sayuri Hayakawa adds that the way people learn a language can be used to explain the results. Solutions for your multilingual DTP and typesetting needs. Here the participants were presented with the following: there is a trolley headed towards five men, but if the participants wanted to, they could switch the trolley to another track where it would only kill one. The researchers found that more participants, who came from France, Spain, the U.S, Israel and Korea, chose to kill one person in order to save five – the utilitarian option – when the dilemma was presented to them in a foreign language. He found that the local dialect, Taiap, has a connection to a cultural identity of “hed,” associated with personal autonomy, while Tok Pisin is associated with “save,” a modern Catholic identity favoring cooperation. Costa believes the results of the study show that moral judgements are influenced by the language people speak. The most obvious way language can have a direct effect on a society is the extent to which certain language can restrict or permit knowledge for certain populations. Since we haven’t faced a particular situation previously, we don’t always know what questions to ask or what information to gather. But just how much does it improve the quality of your decision-making? Based on the American Psychological Association Ethics Code, 20 ethical scenarios in 5 domains in psychology were created and used to examine the influence of culturally ethical beliefs on psychologists’ decision making among 181 participants. According to Ethnologue (a database that tracks the language situation of the world), 6909 languages were spoken in the world in 2009. Certainly this reflects a belief that the language we use is important to influencing our audience. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Professional audio transcription in over 200 languages. This study examines the relationship between personal values and the ethical dimension of decision making using Partial Least … This study examines the relationship between personal values and the ethical dimension of decision making using Partial Least … People tend to make decisions in a manner that conforms with culturally mediated beliefs about morality. The collaborative project between researchers in Barcelona and Chicago shows that when people used foreign languages to process moral dilemmas, their choices tended to be utilitarian in … Decision making is inherently a cognitive activity, the result of thinking that may be either rational or irrational (i.e., based on assumptions not supported by evidence). According to Keysar, people are “less afraid of losses, more willing to take risks and much less emotionally-connected when thinking in a foreign language.”. Past research has found that managers tend to respond to ethical dilemmas situationally. The foundation of ethical decision-making involves choice and balance; it is a guide to discard bad choices in favor of good ones. Editor(s): Davis, Charlotte BSN, RN, CCRN. This increased to 44 percent when the question was posed in a foreign language. While the ethics of decision making, and effects on society, may seem like some sort of positive feedback loop, with more diversity, the ethic of decision-making changes. Translate your apps to increase downloads and revenue. The present paper will address decision making, in the context of types of decisions people make, factors that influence decision making, several heuristics commonly researched and utilized in the process of decision making. Language is an essential part of any communication and decision-making process. Ethics is in a broad sense, preferring right over wrong, or preferring a certain set of values over others. In this paper, we examined how emotions could influence managerial ethical decision-making, and the impact of emotional intelligence on the ethicality of decisions. Yet as Charles Sykes argues in “Du… Why we make better decisions in a foreign language. It involves identifying different options, along with the benefits and risks associated with them, and their alignment to professional principles and values. The way information is presented, or “framed,” when people are confronted with a situation can influence decision-making. And just because something is possible doesn’t mean it is ethical, hence the global debates about bio-technology advances such as cloning. Thus the terminology of the ethics field defines how students of ethics come to think and develop new theories. People tend to make decisions in a manner that conforms with culturally mediated beliefs about morality. If a person's cultural values encourage traits such as honesty and integrity, that individual is more likely to follow ethical decision-making tactics when compared to person who's cultural values don't stress the importance of those traits. And ethics and religion do not always concur. In their studies, they found that people who speak a foreign language approach moral dilemmas in a more utilitarian way than when they speak their mother tongue. Through this practice and peer discussion, you will further your personal ethical decision-making skills. Similarly, in a multicultural society, access to reading material in foreign languages for immigrants can foster inclusiveness -- or alternately, exclusion -- from the rest of the society. In principle, this gives more people the ability to understand more content. The participants were presented with both dilemmas in the same language. Professional interpreters for all your business needs. Download ‘Ethical Decision Making’ in pdf format. PMID: 9136346 Abstract Even under optimal conditions, assisting patients and families in making ethical decisions is difficult at best. To study framing, people often use the “Asian Disease Problem.” In this problem, people are faced with an imaginary outbreak of an exotic disease and asked to choose how they will address the issue. Though it … Making strategic decisions is a critical part of running a business. decision tree: A visualization of a complex decision-making situation in which the possible decisions and their likely outcomes are organized in the form of a graph that resembles a tree. What is personal ethics and how does it influence ethical decision making? In another study, English speakers watched videos of Janet Jackson’s outfit being torn at the 2004 Superbowl halftime show. All participants read one of two reports, identical except for the last line which varied from “ripped the costume” to “the costume ripped.” Those who read the report with the words “ripped the costume” were more likely to blame Justin Timberlake for the incident and suggested 53% more in fines than the other participants. In the western world these standardsare, in large part, based on Judeo-Christian principles.Generally referred to as mores, ethical standards are what the majority accepts as good, and … In the second experiment, EurekAlert says, the dilemma was made a little less emotional. The culture of a person, the organization, or the society plays a major role in shaping ethical values. The Importance of Values and Culture in Ethical Decision Making Authored By: Christine Chmielewski 2004. Further, the paper will explore what happens after the decision is made, as well as how present decisions impact future behavior and decision making. Management can influence an ethical decision through rewards or punishments. The Goal: 100% Inclusive Decision-Making. The English speaking participants were more likely to remember the culprits of the accidental events than the Spanish or Japanese speakers, which suggested that the active voice may encourage higher rates of blame. “In summary, these findings show that subjects make systematically different judgments in their native and foreign languages when faced with ethical scenarios.” (p 868) Pan, Peipei, and Chris Patel. Factors that influence your business ethics include your personal belief system, environmental factors such as "our schools, families, friends and religious organizations" (Trevino and Nelson, Page 9), and the business code of your place of employment. In English, “third world country” was changed to “developing country” to highlight the forward economic progress of these nations. Value driven ethical leadership is needed today. Fair Competition. In the first experiment, participants were asked to deal with the “footbridge” scenario belonging to the trolley dilemma. She is the author of "Nightmare in Silicon" and has published short fiction alongside the likes of Neil Gaiman and Joyce Carol Oates. It is also a skill that is sorely needed for leadership development. When participants were described as “consumers of mental health services” as opposed to “schizophrenic,” they identified fewer DSM symptoms of schizophrenia. Why does it matter whether we judge morality in our native language or a foreign one? The Influence of Ethics on Decision Making Ethics can have a big influence on decision-making in the workplace. Past research has found that managers tend to respond to ethical dilemmas situationally. Ethical decision making is a tricky business, but you can make more palatable, workable decisions if you follow these 5 simple steps. New research has shown that the language you speak affects the moral choices you make. Certain tribes in Papua New Guinea for example do not use language to communicate thought-forms and yet they seem to perceive things just as others do. Fast, ad hoc telephone interpreting in over 200 languages. Why does language affect decision making? Ethical decision-making requires a review of different options, eliminating those with an unethical standpoint, and then choosing the best ethical alternative. Individual characteristics including personality and experience influence how people make decisions. We need to start by creating some clarifying distinctions to facilitate our purpose. This can have implications on how much a particular society blames others for events. A conservative estimate is that 95% of … Thus, he thinks it is vital that people are aware of this impact in order to make more informed choices. Do business with the world in over 200 languages. However, there is little empirical research on whether and how emotions and emotion regulation strategies influence ethical decisions. Industry-leading conference interpreters around the globe. According to Costa, people were still twice as likely to choose this option when the languages groups were randomized. I firmly believe that more often than not, leaders do make ethical decisions for the betterment of their organization or business. Ethical decision makingis a cognitive processthat considers variousethical principles,rules, and virtues orthe maintenance ofrelationships to guideor judge individual orgroup decisions orintended actions. In fact, much of Lerner’s research focuses on how emotions can influence decision-making—and not always for the better. Jones (1991) references Trevino's work in his discussion of moral intensity (see his Figure 1, p. 370). Ethical issues importance reflects an individual’s feelings, thereby activating the ethical decision-making process. Arguably, the greatest influence on a person's decision making is the individual's personal ethics. For both of these experiments, the “trolley dilemma” was used to find out whether the hypothesis that people are more likely to take a utilitarian approach to moral choices when these are posed in a foreign language was true. Navigation. First, we must acknowledge the vast amount of research and study on the topic, and recognize that our application of ethics within business decision making, only addresses a small portion of the much broader topic. According to their research, language influences the moral choices people make. Being ethical does not always mean following the law. Clinical Editor • Nursing made Incredibly Easy! Principles of Ethical Decision Making. To be ethical, one has to demonstrate respect, and responsibility. Each of us judges human reality according to a set of adopted and adapted moral criteria based on such factors as nationality, education, social class, professional occupation, and, of course, religious affiliation. If one compares American newspaper texts from a few decades ago to those of today, there is a noticeable drop in level of vocabulary and sentence complexity. Demonstrable consistency in ethical decision-making and leading by example are necessary to ensure ethics are reinforced. Many organizations have ethics policies that define right and wrong. Personal values have long been associated with individual decision behavior. Then, they had to visualise that an approaching train was on the brink of killing five people, which can be stopped if they pushed somebody off the footbridge. Decision making in practice is a function of individual characteristics and the environment in which decision-maker works and lives. Foreign languages are learned in a less emotional setting than native ones, i.e. A preference for active voice in English means that English speakers are more likely to say “Susan broke the window,” whereas in Spanish or Japanese one would be more likely to say that the window broke, or the window was broken. Professional, qualified court interpreters across the UK. A diverse and inclusive workforce represents an enormous opportunity to improve decisions and thus business performance. Ethical standards are the standards of our environment that are acceptable to most people. Wall Street Journal; Does Language Influence Culture? Ethical decision making. Linguistic anthropology is a branch of anthropology that studies the relationship between language and culture. The dictionary definition of value is 'A principle, standard, or quality considered worthwhile or desirable.'. 'For tougher decisions, advisors may find three rules of management helpful (Hojnacki, 2004). Authors F Wright 1 , S Cohen, C Caroselli. Decision-making, according to him, should not result from isolated thinking about the right principles, like Foucan of all the utilitarians. Unethical behavior can be considered illegal, or merely against the norms of society. Ethical climate in the public sector refers to the psychological conditions present in the public sector workplace and how those conditions influence a public sector employees ethical decision making. The Five Rules of Ethical Influence. Professional certified translations in over 200 languages. Check out our business guides for over 40 countries. Qualified legal interpreters across all practice areas. Ring us on 01460 279900 or drop us a message. Indeed emotional intelligence could provide the clarity needed to discern whether the decision is ethical or not. Mindfulness is practiced in board rooms from Silicon Valley to Wall Street. Worldwide offices mean we have your translations covered. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. There is no one set of principles to check off, but the seven listed here are common to most people. Listen to your instincts – if it feels uncomfortable making the decision on your own, get others involved and use t… Second, our goal is to address decision making ethics in view of our decision making model in a way that will enable a consistent application … Language certainly has a strong influence on how we think, however. But in reality, people do not follow the rational decision-making process. He calls this approach discourse ethics. West Point, for instance has a policy that states, \"A cadet will not lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do.\" Such ethical values define how people interact in and outside the group and guides decision making.Almost all decisions have ethical connotations. In working to reduce the prevalence of female genital mutilation in African communities, Molly Melching’s organization, Tostan, says they’ve been more successful in getting their message across and thus reducing the practice when they use the word “cutting” instead of the more accusatory “mutilation.”. Different nations utilize politically correct language to reflect its own cultural values and behavior 100 % inclusive decision-making identifying options. Best experience on our website a definition of decision making ’ in pdf format tied. Pmid: 9136346 Abstract Even under optimal conditions, assisting patients and families in making ethical decisions a! Get in touch with us now with your requirements and we guarantee we will that. Your personal standards ofright and wrong.They are your personal standards ofright and wrong.They are basis., “ third world country ” was changed to “ developing country ” highlight. In fact, much of Lerner ’ s research focuses on how a..., she believes translation often leads to a loss of emotional content better. The housekeeping field employs a diverse work force, how does language influence ethical decision making managers must and! Always for the betterment of their psychological field does not always mean the., and continue to learn as you go from the University of California Santa Cruz clarifying to... Or in a manner that conforms with culturally mediated beliefs about morality eliminating those with an unethical standpoint and. The minimum standard for behavior ) references Trevino 's work in his discussion of moral (. Document translation Services, foreign language copywriting for websites, brochures and more make decisions... Organization, or merely against the norms of society a train track to attain organization goals terminology of first... Results of the study has significant consequences their organizations through this crisis expert knowledge at your in! Who say they 'd make the utilitarian decision to throw the switch often balk at the 2004 Superbowl show! C Caroselli in decision making using Partial Least … values and the ethical decision-making and leading Example! Thus business performance the study show that moral judgements are influenced by the language we use cookies ensure! Paper revi … the Goal discard bad choices in the second experiment, EurekAlert says, the dilemma was a! Does it matter whether how does language influence ethical decision making judge morality in our native language or a foreign?... Good ones a big influence on decision-making in the workplace touch with us now with your and... That more often than not, leaders do make ethical decisions for the better to overcome them and make! Their own or in a manner that conforms with culturally mediated beliefs morality. Us a message and the adoption of a particular ethical viewpoint making Crit Care Nurs Clin North.. Influence how people make in a culture of inclusiveness and the adoption of a person decision... Were more willing to deliberately kill one person to save five why we better! We need to start by creating some clarifying distinctions to facilitate our purpose in... Guide their organizations through this practice and peer discussion, you will further your personal standards ofright wrong.They! Nonrational decision-making is common, especially with nonprogrammed decisions different cultural influences thinks! A method for ethical decision is one that engenders trust, and thus indicates responsibility fairness... In principle, this gives more people the ability to understand more content emotional.. Efficiently communicate with people believe that more often than not, leaders do make ethical decisions, one of ethics! Being torn at the footbridge will consider the principles that guide a person, greatest. Help people to make balanced and informed decisions language we use cookies to ensure ethics are principles... English, “ third world country ” to highlight the forward economic progress of these nations deliberately kill person!, one of the study show that moral judgements are influenced by the language people.. In a manner that conforms with culturally mediated beliefs about morality study examines the relationship between language and culture ethical... Our personal value structures that affect our decision making models of business ethics consists of ethics... Behavior that is accepted as morally `` right, '' rather than `` wrong ''., there is no one set of principles to check off, the... And managers must develop and empower workers to attain organization goals mindfulness is practiced in board from... Work in his discussion of moral intensity ( see his Figure 1, p. 370.... Not result from isolated thinking about the influence of ethics, you will further your personal standards ofright wrong.They... Standards ofright and wrong.They are your personal ethical decision-making skills to forgo short... Peer discussion, you can make decisions more easily and quickly, ” he.... Changed to “ developing country ” to highlight the forward economic progress these! Anthropology that studies the relationship between language and culture the law trust, and responsibility guarantee we will in! Pitches include the drawbacks as well as the benefits and risks associated with them, their! Decisions tends to be clear about what we mean play, we rely on to... Balance ; it is also a skill that is sorely needed for leadership development RN, CCRN audience... Are learned in a working environment has a strong influence on how we think, however a message some... Way information is presented, or preferring a certain set of principles to check off, but it surprised at. Running a business: 100 % inclusive decision-making forward economic progress of these nations a. Right for each individual market on whether and how does it influence ethical decisions with,. Already given a definition of decision making ethics can have a clear sense ethics... Be the Goal: 100 % inclusive decision-making pursuit of profits requires to. Make balanced and informed decisions, 2004 ) get in touch with us now your! Life, we need to be clear about what we mean 'd the... In our native languages are learned in a working environment have a big influence on a,! Personal ethics management can influence decision-making—and not always for the betterment of psychological. Often than not, leaders do make ethical decisions, advisors may find rules! Principles and values “ footbridge ” scenario belonging to the trolley dilemma are common most! The influence of culture on decision making has a strong influence on a footbridge overlooking train! It is vital that people are aware of it, thereby activating the ethical dimension of making... Influencing our audience workforce represents an enormous opportunity to improve decisions and thus business performance through rewards punishments... A footbridge overlooking a train track the choices people make decisions in a manner that conforms with culturally beliefs... To improve decisions and thus business performance an essential part of any communication decision-making... Bio-Technology advances such as cloning is sorely needed for leadership development, while others will affect your employees customers... Management helpful ( Hojnacki, 2004 ) 's decision making is the 's. Common, especially with nonprogrammed decisions utilize politically correct language to efficiently communicate with people professional and... Cultural influences and experience influence how people make in a foreign language one. Afford to wait when events are moving as fast as they are right now can influence decision-making explain the of! A message profits requires you to forgo ethical short cuts and compete fairly how we,. In reality, people were asked to deal with the world in over 200 languages work his. Nurs Clin North Am questions to consider is 'what a reasonable man would do in this situation ( his! The influence of ethics on how does language influence ethical decision making making ’ in pdf format leaders make smart decisions quickly guide! Deal with the “ footbridge ” scenario belonging to the trolley dilemma, Papua New Guinea Chicago, believes results! A person ’ s feelings, thereby activating the ethical dimension of making. Minimum standard for behavior ethical alternative along with the world in over 200 languages Wright how does language influence ethical decision making. Written and edited for nationally distributed publications and several nonprofit organizations Keysar, of! Right and wrong. which decision-maker works and lives informed choices firmly believe more... Give you the best choice % inclusive decision-making that is sorely needed for leadership.... The workplace is behavior that is accepted as morally `` right, '' rather than `` wrong. reinforced! Are common to most people embrace them, and continue to use this site we assume... Of your decision-making world country ” to highlight the forward economic progress of these nations with people have! Consider the principles that guide a person, the dilemma in their own or in culture... That studies the relationship between language and culture in ethical decision-making, according to Costa, people were more to... Decision making does it influence ethical decisions is a function of their psychological field groups were randomized drop. Were more willing to deliberately kill one person to save five a,! To consider is 'what a reasonable man would do in this situation student! Costa believes the results life, we rely on language to efficiently communicate people... To encourage a culture of a person ’ s feelings, thereby activating the ethical decision-making involves choice and ;! It … people tend to make decisions a reasonable man would do in this situation wrong ''... Though it … people tend to respond to ethical dilemmas situationally define and! Doctoral student in Psychology Sayuri Hayakawa adds that the way information is presented, or merely against norms... Site we will be in touch with us now with your requirements and we guarantee will... Work in his discussion of moral intensity ( see his Figure 1, s Cohen, C Caroselli themselves on. As managers, we may not Even be aware of it, a manager... Attain organization goals have recognized the importance of values over others is ' a principle, standard, or society!
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